Two stories crossed my desk this month (sent to me by numerous folks), and I thought they belong nicely together. First, the warning: NOAA now says there's a real chance the El Niño building in the Pacific becomes "very strong" by late fall, and a recent SF Chronicle Open Forum piece argues that San Francisco isn't ready for what a wet winter could bring. Second, the good news: a new San Francisco Estuary Institute study (covered by KneeDeep Times) found that rain gardens right here in San Francisco are filtering toxic chemicals out of stormwater far better than researchers expected.
In other words: big storms are the problem, and green infrastructure is part of the answer. Best of all, it's an answer we can start building this year, corner by corner.
Why a wet winter hits San Francisco harder
San Francisco runs sewage and stormwater through the same set of pipes. When heavy rain overwhelms treatment capacity, the combined system discharges stormwater mixed with raw sewage: more than 1.8 billion gallons a year on average since 2016, according to federal regulators cited in the Chronicle piece. Most of that flushes out to the Pacific. But when heavy rain lands on top of high sea levels, it can go the other direction, onto shorelines, into streets, and into basements. That's what happened in the winter of 2022-23, when downtown got nearly 18 inches of rain in about three weeks and homes along Marina Boulevard flooded. (We've written before about what those outflows look like at Ocean Beach.)
To be fair, El Niño's effect on Northern California rainfall is mixed. Some strong El Niño winters here have been wet, others average or even dry, and forecasters can't tell us which kind this one will be. But that uncertainty is exactly why we prepare: our sewer system was built for a climate that no longer exists, and every gallon we keep out of the pipes is a gallon that can't back up into someone's home.
What the new SFEI study found
Here's where the second story comes in. SFEI researchers sampled stormwater at four San Francisco rain gardens across 15 rain events between 2022 and 2024, testing for 21 different contaminants. They published the results this month in Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. In many cases the gardens removed over 90% of the chemicals measured, including a 95% average removal rate for 6PPD-quinone, a compound that rubs off car tires and is acutely lethal to salmon and steelhead. (Trillions of tire particles wash into the Bay every year!)
Principal investigator Melissa Foley told KneeDeep Times the team was surprised by the results: "So to see, for some of those contaminants, a 90% reduction between stormwater coming in and stormwater coming out, that was really exciting."
The researchers are careful about two caveats, so we will be too. Even after 95% removal, the leftover 6PPD-quinone still exceeded EPA thresholds for aquatic life, so filtration helps a lot but can't replace getting the chemical out of tires in the first place. And SFEI's Rebecca Sutton describes rain gardens as a targeted tool that does the most good where pollution loads are highest, which means placement matters.
The "deep green" case, and the "light green" start
This is the strongest evidence yet for what we call deep green infrastructure: bioswales, rain gardens, permeable surfaces, and daylit creeks that soak up stormwater where it falls instead of piping it into an overloaded combined sewer. The benefits keep stacking up: less flooding, fewer combined sewer discharges, cooler and shadier blocks, more habitat, and now measurably cleaner water reaching the Bay and the ocean.
Deep green projects take capital budgets, engineering, and years. That's why we start with the light green version now. The easiest thing a neighbor can do this summer is claim the space: state daylighting law has already cleared the corners of parked cars, and San Francisco's new Community Corners program lets you register one and fill it with planters and plants. A corner that's reserved and planted today is exactly where a future rain garden goes. We watched it happen at Cortland & Moultrie, and trust me, it's a much shorter journey from planter to swale than from asphalt to swale.
Ready to start? Check out communitycorner.fun for a plain-language guide to organizing your neighbors and registering a corner. If a big winter does arrive, the corners we green now will be the ones doing the work when it counts.
This blog post was written by Kieran Farr, volunteer organizer for Green SF Now and member of the Executive Committee of the San Francisco Group of the Sierra Club.




































